第二章
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第5段
I do not wish the reader to confuse me for a moment with those vague persons who imagine that Ibsen is what they call a pessimist. There are plenty of wholesome people in Ibsen, plenty of good people, plenty of happy people, plenty of examples of men acting wisely and things ending well. That is not my meaning. My meaning is that Ibsen has throughout, and does not disguise, a certain vagueness and a changing attitude as well as a doubting attitude towards what is really wisdom and virtue in this life—a vagueness which contrasts very remarkably with the decisiveness with which he pounces on something which he perceives to be a root of evil, some convention, some deception, some ignorance. We know that the hero of GHOSTS is mad, and we know why he is mad. We do also know that Dr. Stockman is sane; but we do not know why he is sane. Ibsen does not profess to know how virtue and happiness are brought about, in the sense that he professes to know how our modern sexual tragedies are brought about. Falsehood works ruin in THE PILLARS OF SOCIETY, but truth works equal ruin in THE WILD DUCK. There are no cardinal virtues of Ibsenism. There is no ideal man of Ibsen. All this is not only admitted, but vaunted in the most valuable and thoughtful of all the eulogies upon Ibsen, Mr. Bernard Shaw's QUINTESSENCE OF IBSENISM. Mr. Shaw sums up Ibsen's teaching in the phrase, "The golden rule is that there is no golden rule." In his eyes this absence of an enduring and positive ideal, this absence of a permanent key to virtue, is the one great Ibsen merit. I am not discussing now with any fullness whether this is so or not. All I venture to point out, with an increased firmness, is that this omission, good or bad, does leave us face to face with the problem of a human consciousness filled with very definite images of evil, and with no definite image of good. To us light must be henceforward the dark thing—the thing of which we cannot speak. To us, as to Milton's devils in Pandemonium, it is darkness that is visible. The human race, according to religion, fell once, and in falling gained knowledge of good and of evil. Now we have fallen a second time, and only the knowledge of evil remains to us.
我希望讀者不要把我跟那些腦袋不清醒、誤以為易卜生是悲觀主義者的人搞混,易卜生的劇作中有許多心智健康的人、許多好人、許多快樂的人、許多行事聰慧、故事結局美好的人。別誤會我的意思,我的意思是,就生命中何為真正的智慧與美德,易卜生徹底、毫無掩飾的,表現出模糊曖昧且善變多疑的態度,這態度與他攻擊他眼中視為邪惡之根——一些習俗、欺騙、無知——時的決斷,截然不同。我們知道群鬼這齣劇的主角瘋了,我們也知道他為何瘋了。我們也知道史塔克曼醫生(譯註:易卜生的劇作––An enemy of the people人民公敵––中的主角)神智清醒,但我們不知道他為何清醒。易卜生雖相自詡了解現代親密(性)關係之悲劇根源,但卻對美德與幸福的來源不敢同樣自誇。在社會的棟樑(THE PILLARS OF SOCIETY)這劇中,欺騙帶來毀滅,但在野鴨(THE WILD DUCK)裡,真相也同樣帶來災難的後果。易卜生主義(Ibsenism)中沒有一核心道德準則,易卜生的世界裡沒有理想的人類典範。而這些易卜生的特色,在對他最有價值也最細膩完整的讚詞,也就是蕭伯納所寫的易卜生主義精華(QUINTESSENCE OF IBSENISM)中,不僅是被承認,而是被大吹大擂。蕭先生以一句話總結易式精神:「沒有黃玉律,就是黃金律。」在他眼中,那永久、良善理想的缺乏、那達至美德之永恆關鍵的空缺,正好是偉大的易卜生的成就。我無意要在這裡大肆討論這論點是否合理。隨著我愈發確信,我嘗試想要提出的,是這些空缺,無論好或壞,讓我們陷入一個問題,也就是人類的意識僅裝滿了邪惡的清晰面相,卻對善的模樣感到陌生模糊。對我們而言,光明從此變成曖昧陰暗的東西,那我們無法提、無法言說的東西。對我們而言,如同對米爾頓筆下萬魔殿(Pandemonium)內的惡魔一樣,黑暗才是看得見的東西。根據宗教的說法,人類曾經墮落,並因為墮落而獲得對善與惡的認識。但我們現在又再次墮落,而這次只有對邪惡的認識伴隨我們。
第6段
A great silent collapse, an enormous unspoken disappointment, has in our time fallen on our Northern civilization. All previous ages have sweated and been crucified in an attempt to realize what is really the right life, what was really the good man. A definite part of the modern world has come beyond question to the conclusion that there is no answer to these questions, that the most that we can do is to set up a few noticeboards at places of obvious danger, to warn men, for instance, against drinking themselves to death, or ignoring the mere existence of their neighbours. Ibsen is the first to return from the baffled hunt to bring us the tidings of great failure.
在我們這時代,一巨大無聲的崩裂、一龐大難述的失落重壓在我們的(北方)文明社會裡(譯註:原文Northern civilization,真心不懂為何要強調是北方文明?是因為易卜生是挪威人嗎?還是相較於今天常常說西方文明,Chesterton那時代都說北方文明?)。過去世代為了知道什麼是理想、正確的人生,什麼是好人,而汗流浹背、被釘十架。但現代社會早已不再思考這些問題,而直接下了個結論,那就是這些問題不會有答案,我們所能做的,最多也不過是在有明顯危險之處立下幾個告示牌警示人,例如:小心飲酒過量致死,或是請忽視你鄰居的存在。而易卜生是第一個從這迷失困惑的問題巡獵之旅中,帶著我們已失敗這消息返回的人。
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真心覺得:Chesterton的書太適合讀外文系、哲學系、人類學系的人看了,讀完之後一定很生氣...(若剛好讀者又是刻板印象中BMI值低於標準的文青,臉色蒼白又有低血壓,讀完之後,血壓應該也會變得正常...)
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